Lao Culture and Business Etiquette

Lao Culture and Business Etiquette Lao is located in South-East Asia. It is one of the long history countries with well-established traditional in Asia. Laos has its own culture, traditional which is quite similar to other countries in South-East Asia However, Laoss culture is strongly influenced by religious, Buddhism believe and also nearby countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, and Burma. For people who come from different country, they always have a big crash in culture shock. They must learn and get used to Lao culture which is very important for their new living place. Normally, when they have conversation with Laos, they should use their eyes and common sense to navigate and learn Laos culture. Here is some information guideline for foreigner should know: Greeting Laos has its own traditional greeting called Nob where palms are placed together and held in front of the chest or face. The person who is in the lower level/position in social or younger should give a bow or greeting first, then but the oder or l/higher level/position in social person will respond greeting back. There are many levels for showing respect to the person in greeting with Nob. The higher of the hands holding level and the lower of the bow means the higher the degree of respect. During Nob, one should smile and say hello together with. Sa Bai Dee is a word used for the same purpose as Hello. Its general meaning is How are you or Im fine. It is also used for meaning I am doing well. It is common in Laos to ask others if they already had dining or meal after greeting. When persons ask this question, they do not normally purpose for the answer but they show their care to those persons they ask. Nation Pride The Lao are truly  happy  being Laos. The Lao  accept  for who are they, what they are doing and  proud  in their long histories and well-established traditions. They appreciate when foreigner shows interest in their culture. Word expression Laos is a feeling sensitive culture. They care for other people feeling. Lao have many words to describe about their feeling and to express how they think. Laos words that are often used in everyday life are Bo Penh Nyang and Tham Ma Dha. These two words have various meaning according to the context. However, all meanings are related and influence by a Buddhist perspective. Bo Penh Nyang directly means No problem. It also has other meanings as never mind or are you all right? In some case, Bo Penh Nyang used with someone did something wrong to express that the action is forgiven. Tham Ma Dha is the word from Buddhist thinking, means everything goes on it way. In everyday life situation, it means average, the norm or everything process as usual. Religious Culture Similar to other countries in South-East Asia, Lao culture is influenced by Buddhism believe.. Buddhism deeply binds with Laoss everyday life and their ways of thinking also their traditional. With Buddhist teaching about the ways of things that things are as they are and as they should be, Lao easily accept the changing. Moreover, Buddhism religious always teach people to be peace and respect to each other. This builds Laos society to be a peaceful living. Lao people also highly give respect to monk and religious related things. Religious and Temple is the center of Lao mental conduct. Body conduct In Laos, as in most Buddhist cultures, head is considered the most precious/highest part of the body. In the other hand, the feet are the least sacred/lowest part of the body. There are many manners and aspects that are related to body conduct. It is necessary to remember this conduct whenever in Laos. Laos do not play other head as it is consider as the high part of body. Dress In big city and urban area, Laos dress the modern cloths in the same way as the western do. However, short and revealing clothes are generally not acceptable in Lao culture. In temple, everybody must wear polite cloth such as women must wear long pant or dress to cover their knee with long sleeve and must not show their chest. Losing face Losing face is a very sensitive situation for Laos. Losing face in public is a humiliated thing. Lao are afraid of being insulted. before talking about something or doing some action, those stuff should be reconsidered if it will cause losing face to anybody. Any form of confrontation for winner and loser which might lead to losing face must be avoided. Business Etiquette Dos DO say Sa Bai Dee as a greeting word in Lao with Laos traditional greeting. If you dont know how to greet in Laos tradition way, it is better to bow a little bit and say hello with a smile. Do smile a lot, Lao people love peaceful atmosphere. They always smile to each other. Do avoid showing affection in public. Lao are quite conservative. Greeting are any action with affection of person is not widely accepts even within the same gender. DO dress with neat and clean business suites for meetings. Lao are easily getting impressed by outside cloths. Do wear polite dress when visiting government, office and temple. Appropriate dress and behavior when entering places are essential. shorts or sleeveless shirts or flip flop is impolite dress. DO take off your shoes when invited into your Lao business colleagues home. Lao people try to keep their places clean. Taking hat and shoes off also are showing respect to the places. Lao appreciate and expect foreigner to do the same. Do crouch your back down when walking pass someone sitting, especially the elder. Lao highly give respect to elder. Also, as crouching back, body of walking person is consider as not higher than sitting person. Do show respect to Buddhism. Foreigner should show respect and be careful on their action in the temples area. Do speak respectful about the religion. One important thing about Buddhism is women should not touch Monks. Donts Do not touch anyone on the head. As head is the most sacred part of the Laos body, touching head is considered as very impolite behavior Dont put your feet on table or chair and shouldnt sit with crossed-leg or point your feet to anyone. The same thing as the previous one, Lao believe that Head is high and Feet are Low. Dont take any people photo without permission. You must ask them first to permission if they are ok or not. Do not shout or raise your voice or lose temper in public. Lao people speak softly and avoid confrontation. Speaking or shouting in loud voice may frighten them. It is also considered as uneducated or uncivilized person. People who lose their temper in public might be looked down on from other people. Do not involving with illegal stuff and sex tourism. The use of drugs is illegal in Laos.. The selling of wildlife and wildlife products should be avoided. Trading antique Buddha, sacred items and other old artifacts are prohibited. They are not allowed to be taken out of Laos. You might have problem when leaving Laos. Sex tourism is also illegal in Lao Business Practical Business Value Business culture in Laos is different from westerners business culture. In order to understand the difference of business culture between different cultures, the person has to have real experience and navigate deeply in the culture. The comparison of the value emphases that can be found for each culture, Laos and Western, are listed in the following Table.1. This table is derived from real experience of western businessman in Lao with his point of view and his own navigating. It can be used as a guideline for more understanding Laos business value. Relationship Businesses are often based on personal relations developed within social circles. In Laos business culture, work and social relationship are getting along and depend on each other. Since the emphasis placed on personal relationships is high, having a reliable and well-connected local agent or representative is crucial to the success of a foreign venture. Lao are seeking for trusted and credible relationships. Relationships progress slowly in Laos with the step-by-step approach. Asking Laos partner about their family, traditions, culture help foreigner understand their Laos partner better and also effective in building the relationship. View of Time Punctuality Lao people are not so punctual. They are often late for the appointment. Normally, they do not have exact plan and time table for their schedule. Foreigner should learn how the locals plan their time and keep their sense of time flexible. However, punctuality from foreign partner is appreciated Business Hours Official office hours are from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. from Monday to Friday. In factories and private companies work hours can be extended according to the laws allowance. Business Etiquette Greeting In business, nowadays, handshaking is becoming increasingly common during the conduct of business but only for people with same gender. Men and women should avoid public displays of affection. However, Laos traditional greeting is preferred. Naming Lao people should be called by their first names, with their title Mr//Ms//Madame or Than (in Lao) before the name. In the special occasion or to give higher honors, last name or their family name should be followed after their first name. Dress In Laos business, dress code for business is an importance. Men should wear western clothing such as shirt and trousers for normal business occasion. For special occasion, lightweight suits with tie should be worn. Women usually wear long skirts or blouse with long sleeve covering the shoulders and upper legs. Womens business cloth should avoid showing skin. Another important thing for dressing is perfumes. Laos are quite sensitive to odour. Westerners who have strong body odour should wear soft perfumes. Clean and neat cloths help in giving impression to Laos. Language Official language is Lao. English and Fresh are also commonly used in Business. However, French is more widely used, spoken and understood than English. Business cards When doing business in Lao, carry lots of business cards. Business card exchange is common in Laos business practice. Business cards should be translated into Lao and printed out.   A common used one is to have English version on one side and Lao version on the other side. In business card exchanging, cards should be given and received using both hands. Giving business card with this posture shows honor and humble to the person whom is dealed with. Exchanging business card with one hand also acceptable, but only exchanging with right hand where left hand lightly wrap around wrist and lower arm. The card should never be immediately kept into the pocket or placed somewhere. The detail in card for person name and position should be studied after receiving another persons card. Also, the card should not be written anything down. At meetings, other peoples business cards should be arranged on the table according to the sitting position. This helps tracking of people names.   It also is a sign of respect and interested in for the person. Another important thing is, playing or writing anything down in other people business card is disrespectful action. Business card should be treated with respect in same degree of respect as one would show the person him or herself. Gift Giving It is not required to give the gift when meeting business partner but giving gift shows consideration to other people and good relationship. Gift can be anything and do not have to be expensive things. Gift can be offered to anyone in the meeting but the most importance is giving one for the host or person in the highest rank. Gifts are given in the order of peoples importance or their position.   Wrapped gifts will be opened only when the person is alone. Shoes and socks are not suitable to be gifts in Laos as it is related to foot which is the least sacred part of the body. Green and red are the most suitable colors for wrapping paper in Laos. White wrapping paper, which is considered as unlucky and miserable color, should be avoided. Negotiation Negotiations process in the Lao is quite slow. It is also highly unwell-organized. Lao contracts are normally written in short with simple language. The Laos contract focuses on principles while western contract is obtuse and legalistic. Relationship is more important than the terms and conditions in the contract. They view the contract as the starting point of relationship but are able to change later. The agreement may become meaningless if the circumstances change. Good  relationship with Lao partners is a big help in negotiation. Breaking of negotiation should be done very carefully as it might shut the door on future cooperation.   Seeking for legal  counsel might lead to failed relationship i Meeting Meeting in Lao is not well-conducted.  In many case, meeting for Lao people is made for purpose of opportunities for social occasion. The highest ranking person of the group should be the first one who go into the room and speak to other people.   There is normally business card exchange before the meeting start. Meetings always begin with informal talk with serving coffee or tea.   The served tea or coffee should be drink or sip before main topic start as a polite and appreciate behavior. A several  discussion are normally takes place before launch into the the main topic of the meeting. The host will be the person who starts talking into the main topic. There are several signals from host that indicate the end of meeting. The signals include asking guest if they would like more tea, beginning to summarize things up, thank you for coming, and leading guest to the door. Table Manner If Lao has invited someone to a dinner it means that they interest to build deeper relationship. It is important to return the favor as it is a sign of interested in having relationship with them. Whenever accept dining invitation, it is important to be a host for next meal. If the meal take place at Laos house, remember to take shoes off before enter the house. Guest should not take seat until host invites to sit. For dining at restaurant, do not ask to share the bill if have dining at restaurant if they propose to pay for you. Instead, accept the invitation and then host the next meal. Communication Lao has indirect communication style. Rather than confront a person with an issue or disagreement, Lao prefer a non-confrontational ways of communicating for disagreement. As Laos are collectivism, relationship between people is important thing. They avoid having any conflict in relationships especially when in public.   People are more likely to avoid anger, confrontation or verbal criticisms which can lead to loss of face. Instead of direct confrontation, they try to find another way to solve the conflict. Body languages are quite preserved in Lao. They try to avoid eye contact. They also have few body language gestures. For documentation, written documents should be in both Lao and the foreign language so Lao people could understand more correctly about the content of the document. One more important thing is document written with red ink might get negative feedback from Lao. One more thing that foreigner should know is thing are not as the way they seem to be. For example, Foreigner should never ever take yes of Lao as an answer. Lao normally say yes to indicate that the message has been heard and understood. Yes means maybe or perhaps or no. Maybe means yes, no, or just maybe. And there is really no no as they try to avoid any form of conflict. Another example is bad news from Lao is often slowly  introduced. The main topic is normally come after the word and which generally is when the most important content is revealed. Another important thing in communication is saying Apologize. Lao normally apologize when something happen, even if they did not do anything worng. But they apologize because an  unfortunate incident has occurred.   It is importance to remember how to show respect. When in Laos, try and do as the Laos. Do and remember about body conduct, dress, and public affection and religious manner.

Forest Fire Danger Modelling Environmental Sciences Essay

Forest Fire Danger Modelling Environmental Sciences Essay Forests constitute a large part of the earths renewable natural resources. Besides serving as an important source of food, fuel wood, fodder, timber etc, it also plays a pivotal role in maintaining a near ideal environmental condition for life sustenance (Biswadip Garia et al., 2007). Forest fires are natural or manmade disasters that occur throughout the world. Controlled forest fire is a useful, efficient and legitimate tool for environmental management such as forest clearance, field preparation, regrowth for livestock, and reduction of fire hazard. If the forest fire is un-controlled then it becomes a disaster. It adversely affects on humans, animals and plants. Annual fires may decrease the growth of the grasses, herbs and shrubs, which may result in increased soil erosion (Kandya et al., 1998).Forest fires cause wide ranging adverse ecological, economic and social impacts. In a nutshell, fires cause: indirect effect on agricultural production and loss of livelihood for the trib als (Biswadip Gharai et al., 2008). In 1982-1983, fires burned 3.6 M ha of scrub and forests in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, alone. These fires caused local extinction of some plants and animals and economic losses in forestry, non-timber forest products and agriculture of approximately $9 billion (Kinnaird and OBrien 1998). Chemical reactions of the gases released by fire leads to an increase in atmospheric ozone and the deposition of acidic compounds downwind from fires, which in turn can affect the physiology of plants and ecosystems in these areas. The ecological and socio-economic consequences of wild land fires in India include -Loss of timber, loss of bio-diversity, loss of wildlife habitat, global warming, soil erosion, loss of fuel wood and fodder, damage to water and other natural resources, loss of natural regeneration (IFFN Report: 2002). Forest fires also pose serious health hazards by producing smoke and noxious gases. The burning of vegetation gives off not only carbon dioxide but also a host of other, noxious gases (Green house gases) such as carbon monoxide, methane, hydrocarbons, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide, that lead to global warming and ozone layer depletion. Consequently, thousands of people suffered from serious respiratory problems due to these toxic gases. Burning forests and grasslands also add to already serious threat of global warming. Recent measurement suggest that biomass burning may be a significant global source of methyl bromide, which is an ozone depleting chemical. In 1997 up to 5 M ha got burned in Indonesia. The smoke of these fires affected the health of 70 million people and disrupted the economies of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore causing a total economic loss estimated at $4.4 billion (Kinnaird and OBrien, 1998). Fires affect animals mainly through effects on their habitat. Fires often cause short-term increases in wildlife foods that contribute to increases in populations of some animals. These increases are moderated by the animals ability to thrive in the altered, often simplified, structure of the post fire environment. The extent of fire effects on animal communities generally depends on the extent of change in habitat structure and species composition caused by fire (Smith et al., 2000). Forest ecosystems are capable of storing large quantities of carbon in trees, other organic matter, and soil. Forests may also reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through increases in biomass and organic matter accumulation. Forest fires add the pool of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Thus, Forest fires contribute to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and, therefore, intensifying the greenhouse effect. The perturbation of atmospheric chemistry induced by global biomass burning is comparable in magnitude to the effect of fossil fuel burning (Lindesay et al., 1996). In June and July 1998 catastrophic wildfires had an estimated impact of $600-800 million in north eastern Florida, valuing the economic effects associated with category-2-hurricanes (Butry et al. 2001). Government policies: According to the Constitution of India, the central and state governments in the country are enabled to legislate on forestry issues. The implementation part of the forest policy/programmes lies with the state government. Thus, fire prevention, detection, and suppression activities are the responsibility of the state governments forest departments. The policy, planning, and financing are the primary responsibility of the Central Government (Ministry of Environment and Forests Report: 2007). Forest fire and its management have long history in Indian forestry. Forest fire occurs quite frequently during summer season. The conventional methods of fire protection cover an elaborate network of fire lines, fire watchtowers, block lines and guidelines (Roy et al., 2005). The monitoring and management of forest fires is very important in tropical countries such as India, where forests are prone to fires annually causing adverse ecological, economic and social impacts (Kiran Chand et al. 2006). Indian fire scenario: Forest fire is a major cause of degradation of Indias forests. It is estimated that the proportion of forest areas prone to forest fires annually ranges from 33% in some states to over 90% in others. According to the recent State of Forests report, the forest cover in India is 67.5 M ha, constituting 20.5 % of its geographical area, represented by 41.68 M ha (12.68 %) of dense forest and 25.87 M ha (7.87%) of open forest (FSI, 2003). Studies carried out by Forest Survey of India reveals that on an average 53 percent forest cover of the country is prone to heavy to light fire (State of Forest Report, 1997) and 6.17% of the forests are prone to severe fire damage.. Forest Survey of India estimated that about 1.45 million hectares of forest are affected by fire annually. In India there are very few cases of fire due to natural causes. The majority of the forest fires in the country are human caused. For getting information on forest fires in India in real time basis, Forest Survey of India is using satellite data procured on daily basis by the Forest Fire group of University of Maryland, USA. Forest Fire Group in association with NASA uploads information on active forest fires of the whole world on the Web Fire Mapper (http://maps.geog.umd.edu) on the daily basis. The updated information for the current date is available at around 10.30 AM for India on this website. U.S. based this group obtains information on global fires from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) sensors that are on the board of their Terra and Aqua Satellites. In India we have our own space programme in place for detecting forest fires in real time basis. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) through its array of IRS satellites, Environment Satellite (ENVISAT) and through its Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Line scan System (DMSP-OLS)a programme that helps in detecting fires during night, is helping the field mangers in identifying forest fire recurrence zones, forest fire risk assessment, potential areas for fire line alignment, fire watch towers locations, fire recovery analysis, monitoring fire progression, assessing near real time damage and in mitigation planning etc issues. As part of Disaster Management Support Programme of Department of Space, Decision Support center (DSC) is established at NRSC for working towards effective management of disasters in India. Under DSC activities of NRSC, considering the importance of forest fire management in India, a comprehensive system Indian Forest Fire Response and Assessment System (INFFRAS) integrating multi sensor satellite data and ground data through spatially and temporally explicit GIS analysis frame work is planned (NRSA Report: 2006). The INFFRAS is designed to meet the requirements of the forest department at following three levels. Pre fire : Preparatory planning for fire control; During fire : Near real time active fire detection and monitoring; Post fire: Damage and recovery assessment and mitigation planning. Information of fire locations on daily basis with in 1-2 hours of the satellite ground pass can be viewed on their web site (www.nrsa.gov.in) Fire Danger Rating Index: Fire danger is the resultant of factors affecting the inception, spread and difficulty of control of fires and the damage they cause (Chandler et al. 1983). If any of these factors are absent, then there is no fire danger (Cheney and Gould1995). the various factors of fuels, weather, topography and risk are combined to assess the daily fire potential on an area. Fire Danger is usually expressed in numeric or adjective terms. Fire danger indices are an important tool for fire and land managers. Effective Forest-fire management is based on sound knowledge of the potential for ignition, behaviour, difficulty of control, and impact of fire in a given situation. Forest-fire danger-rating systems provide a framework for organizing and integrating scientific knowledge and operational experience, and they are a cornerstone of modern fire management (S.W. Taylor et al 2001.) Fire danger rating systems are used by fire and land management agencies to determine levels of preparedness, to issue public warnings, and to provide an appropriate scale for management, research, and law for fire related matters (Cheney and Gould 1995). All these systems integrate weather variables to assess fire danger, calculated as a numerical index. A variety of fire danger ratings are used around the world, including the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI, McArthur 1967), used in the eastern parts of Australia, the Forest Fire Behavior Tables (FFBT, Sneeuwjagt and Peet 1998), developed for use in Western Australia, the Fire Weather Index (FWI, van Wagner 1987) used in Canada, the National Fire Danger Rating System (Deeming et al. 1977) used in the USA and the Nestrov Fire Danger Index System used in the Russia. Why Himachal Pradesh: Forests are an important resource of Himachal Pradesh. The forests of the state are rich in biodiversity and play a vital role inpreserving the fragile Himalayan ecosystem while also being a primary livelihood source for the rural population and prime source of fresh water for both urban and rural population (Report of Himachal Pradesh Forest Department 2005). Forest wealth of Himachal Pradesh is estimated at over Rs. 1,00,000 crores. Most of precious coniferous forests are of such nature that these cannot be truly regenerated by human beings if these are cut once (Annual plan 2006-07).Forest fires are occurred every year. Recently, in the year 2012, Forest fires have destroyed more than 20,000 acres of forest land and caused a loss of more than Rs 2.6 crores of green property in three weeks. The fires, which first started in the Hamirpur circle, were later also reported in the forests of Shimla, Nahan and Mandi (Madhuri Gaur et al 2012).

Native American Essay -- Essays Papers

Native American The story of the pilgrims and Native Americans was always taught in elementary school during the Thanksgiving holiday. The teachers frequently called Native Americans â€Å"Indians†. It never crossed my mind that the word â€Å"Indians† was the politically incorrect way of labeling Native Americans until a student shouted it out to the teacher in 5th grade. It finally clicked in my mind that Indians are people from India not America. Native Americans were always portrayed to be accepting culture when confronted with the Europeans during Thanksgiving. In elementary school, everything is happy. I don’t even remember learning American history. Columbus sailed the ocean blue, thought he was in India, and started the trend of labeling Native Americans as â€Å"Indians†. In junior high school, I learned more about the Native American’s view on the colonization of America. They were people who were forced out of their land to make room for European settlements. Most Native American tribes were at war with the incoming settlers. Native Americans are people who celebrate and wor...

Dont Forget Working Capital When You Buy a Website :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Don't Forget Working Capital When You Buy a Website Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com If you intend to obtain a loan to buy a website, you should consider how much capital you should have available until the website starts generating income. Believe it or not, many buyers overlook this and wind up in trouble soon after they acquire a website. It is important that you determine the "working capital" requirements of the website before you purchase. This is the amount of money you will need available to fund the website after you take over until it becomes self-sufficient, meaning that there is enough inflow of cash to pay the bills of the website as well as your family. There isn't a standard method to determine working capital requirements, but it is something that you can calculate. Of course, you must keep in mind that every scenario is different. For example, if you acquire a website where clients pay immediately, then you will have an inflow of cash the first day that you take over. On the other hand, if it's a website where you grant payment terms to clients and the average time to collect is 30 days, then at a bare minimum, you will need at least one month of working capital. The other thing to consider is inventory. If you will have to purchase products to sell prior to seeing payments form clients, here too your cash flow will be affected. The best way to approach this for any website is to do a forecast for the first six months after closing. Generally, you should take the average monthly revenue for the past year. Then, factor in any seasonality to the business. For example, if you are buying a website that sells primarily school supplies to college students, then you can certainly expect sales to be far lower in the summer than they will be in September. Once you determine the average sales, then you must calculate all of the fixed costs that you will incur from day one. These are all of the expenses that the business will have that are not related to the sales. For example, your webmaster is a fixed expense. You have to pay this regardless of what the website revenues may be. Other fixed costs include: marketing, advertising, insurance, taxes, etc. Always add a cushion of at least 10% - 15% to cover miscellaneous costs that always arise for new website owners.

Killer Angels The Human Factor Essay examples -- essays research paper

Killer Angels Paper The Human Factor in the American Civil War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michael Shaara’s fictional novel, The Killer Angels, is based on the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. The novel allows the reader to recognize the heart and courage of the more than two million men that fought in the war. Shaara focuses the reader to better understand the reason why these men fight and the meaning of the war. Ultimately, the reader observes that the war is fought on an individual level as much as a governmental level. These men are there to fight for what they believe is truly right. The Confederates fought for their rights to hold slaves, their freedom tyranny of the Federal Government, and their independence from the Union. The Federal soldiers fought for the Preservation of the Union, the freedom of black men, and the Constitution’s integrity. In this is book the reader is able to perceive the human element of battle that creates a very unpredictable outcome. Factors of humanity, such as friendships, sense of characte r, conflicts and brotherhood, play an important part in making the war. The friendship between Confederate General Lewis Armistead and Union General Winfield Scott Hancock has an effect on their fighting. Garnett’s sense of honor effects his psychological outlook on the battle and how he is to fight. The Chamberlains are two brothers in the Twentieth Maine of the Union Army. Both men are constantly looking...

Football Violence

Football hooliganism is increasing in Scotland, but in the 80s that’s when football violence was at its worse. Over the past years it has being increasing in vast numbers of football thugs from different cities and whenever there team play they travel to the game and after hoping for a fight with the opposite firm.The first recorded incident of a large scale crowd fight was in 1909 with Glasgow Celtic and Glasgow Rangers. Scotland’s first organised firm was Aberdeen (Aberdeen Soccer Casuals) which included Punks and skinheads. The ‘casual’ name became a big part in it because they wore casual clothing such as big brands known as Fila, Lacoste, ellesse and Adidas original. In this clothing they were disguised and had no trouble with police and now that there fights were organised it was bound to happen.The other Scottish firms such as St.Mirren (Love Street Division), Clyde (Shawfield Shed End Boys), Dundee and Dundee United (Dundee Utility), Celtic (Celtic Soccer crew), Rangers (ICF Inter City Firm), Hibernian (Capital City Service), Motherwell (Saturday Service), Partick Thistle (North Glasgow Express), Falkirk (fear) And Dunfermline (Carnegie Soccer service), but topping all those firms was the victorious ASC Aberdeen Soccer Casuals.In the 1980s the Aberdeen’s ASC and Hibernians CCS became the most feared casual force in Scotland but as Hibernian edging their way to the top spot after a few years. From the 2000s the casual scene has declined in Scotland but recently firms such as Aberdeen, Dundee Utility, Celtic Soccer Crew, Hibernian, Hearts, Partick Thistle, Airdrie, Love Street Division and Rangers Still have a large number of casuals active. In the Euros of 96 the CCS (hibs) along with Celtic’s CSC, Dundee Utility, Partick Thistle’s NGE, Motherwell’s SS, St Mirren’s LSD, and Aberdeen ASC organised a fight with Chelsea, Millwall, Rangers and Airdrie Section B in the centre of Trafalgar square. T his incident attracted worldwide media with footage of the two large firms during the action.In the 2000s the police had to come up a solution to reduce the numbers of firms and in a result of this any football casual caught in action was handed a stretch of five years in prison, the government hit the casual scene hard by doing this. They also increased the number of CCTV in Britain. In Scotland they also introduced FoCus police which go to games and video a suspicious crowd and they will try and gather  on suspects of the football firm. It has worked out to be a good idea and it has caused some football clubs to ban the some of the casuals from the ground temporary or even permanently, this at least stops violence inside the grounds of the football club.Football violence in Scotland is bad but in England its history goes way back. England has double the firms and probably triples the amount of casual members. In England football hooliganism is far worse than what it is in Scotla nd but the police are on top of it. I think all this violence at football should be stopped because it is a family sport there are children at the game, not only violence but racism and sectarianism should also have a stop put to it and the worst culprits are the English because of the size of the country the members of the firms double.Schemes like ‘Show Racism the Red Card’ have had an impact on the situation because racism is out of order but also really offensive. In the modern day it is the youngsters keeping the scene alive that is why it is increasing but still a lot of older casuals. The younger firms out there such as Hibs baby crew (hibs), Rangers Youth (rangers), Celtic baby crew (celtic), Alliance Under Fives (Dundee, Dundee utd) Paisley Under Fives (st.mirren) Morton youth (Morton) and many more there are a lot more younger firms trying to live up to their club firms reputation.The youngsters see themselves as the next generation but they are young and obvi ously don’t know what they are getting themselves into. Football violence is a horrible thing and very dangerous so it is vital that the police are always on their toes ready for the firms to kick off at any moment and cause catastrophe in Britain’s streets. The police are cracking down on the big names in the game which is good progress and hopefully in feature years the casual scene is totally broke down and football fans don’t need to worry about their safety and enjoy the wonderful game of football.

History of Jute Industries

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Introduction Jute is a vivid fibre with luxurious and wily shine and is kn ca riding habit easily as The Golden roughage. It is the nickel-and-dime(pre titulary)est veggie fibre procured from the throw together of the whole kit and boodles stem. Jute is the second close to important vegetable fiber laterward cot long ton, in footing of usage, spherical consumption, persuadeout, and availability. It has high tensile strength, lowly extensibility, and ensures better breath ability of fabrics. Jute fiber is coke% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environment bothy brotherly.It is one of the virtu all toldy versatile native fibers that require been utilise in unexampled satisfyings for askaging, frameworks, non-textile, construction, and agricultural firmaments. It helps to make best flavour industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. Jute, the golden fiber, is the altogether material for one ofBangladeshs oldest industries. The start-off jute sub started merchandise in Bengal in 1856. subsequently more than(prenominal) than 150 courses the jute manufacturing is now challenged by contention from selection materials, by the recession in the supra discipline food market place places and by low ken among consumers of the versatile, eco-friendly temper of jute fabric itself.Yet this patience still appends a livelihood to more than 250,000 footle deceaseers and more than 4 factoryion farmers families. It is a golden bond with the Earth its phthisis is a contraryiatement more or less ecological awargonness as it is a fully bio-degradable and eco-friendly fiber. It exercises from the humans, it helps the earth and once its life is done it merges endorse into the earth. Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal conductivity and mode gait moisture re get on.It includes acoustic insulating properties and establish with no skin irr itations. Jute has the ability to be blended with otherwise fibers, twain artificial and essential, and accepts cellulosic dye classes such(prenominal) as natural, basic, vat, sulfur, reactive, and key dyes. While jute is being replaced by proportionally cheap synthetic materials in umteen use ups, butjutes biodegradable temperament is suitable for the storage of provender materials, where synthetics would be unsuitable. 1. Report Background One of the required aspects of modern business studies is exposure to the concrete companionships.As a part of the BBA program fatality, I was assigned by my honorable pedigree instructor Prof. Dr. Nargis Akhter to prep atomic number 18 a proletariat Work on The engineer of Jute Industries to result the requirement of 3 quote course, p arntage Code BUS 498. It endowed me with the opport social unities to experience the real life exposure to the Jute domains of Bangladesh. 2. methodological analysis In order to prep are the expulsion report I use both secondary and primary information. For primary data I talked to hardly a(prenominal) employees of BJMC and BJMA e preciseplace mobilise and face up to face.I in like manner crosschecked the information launch eachwhere the internet by conclusion to raft. For secondary data, I employ the colossal knowledge of internet, the websites of antithetic research organizations, different refresheds websites and different article appoint in the internet. 3. Scope & Limitations For this report, I used graphs, chart, tables etceterato show necessary information. Firstly, the accounting of jute persistence in the Indian subcontinent has been described elabo sendly. The write up is divided into four parts such as, Ancient plosive consonant, Pre-colonial outcome, post colonial period, after nationalisation.The outturn, gross gross sales, contribution of jute industries in Bangladeshi economy, stupefy condition, labor un eternal sleep, industrial relations mail services etc. are discussed afterwards. Finally I turn out sum up by few recommendations and showing my findings and analysis. Chapter 2 Literature retread 2. Literature Review The paper title Jute Manufacturing Sector of Bangladesh Challenges, Opportunities and Policy Options, written by Khondokar Golam Moazzem, MD. Tariqur Rahman, Abdus Sobhan, is all intimately achievement and sales of jute mill or so, prospects of jute mill features and challenges go or so by the jute move of Bangladesh 1.News grow in Financial decl designing is ab proscribed the expect contacted by the jute industries, the ill perplexity of jute industries and the familiarise heed situation of jute industries in Bangladesh 2. An article published in Business Standard in 31 celestial latitude 2009 written by the staff reporter Bhubaneswar which says that Jute industries of India seeks ban on imports of Bangladeshi jute goods for positive success of their induce ju te goods3. The article says the news most 48 hour strike held in state possess jute mill about.The workers called the strike along with the contend union members for their right of ontogenyd recompense and other arrears 4. Information from the website gives a original idea about the earlier history of jute industries in Bangladesh 5. The website stomachs jute related news about Bangladeshi jute industries. It consists of the news of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 20126. On 18 bunt 2012, workers threaten to go on strike, a report by genus Arafat Ara published in Financial crush out 7. G everyplacenment targets to double the outturn deep down 2011-128.While writing on history of jute industries round authentic information were gear up in the cited website 9. Some valuable information about the history of jute industries in the Indian subcontinent were build in the website of jute industries 10. Jute Dilemma an article by Khalid Rab published in 20th day of remembrance supplement of The Daily Star theme on March24, 2011 Thursday that talked about the unsatis milling machinery make outance of the jute arena 11. Chapter 3 Findings 3. 0. History of Jute Industries 3. 1. Jute in Ancient Time (Pre-Colonial Period)Jute has been used since ancient times in Africa and Asia to provide cordage and weaving fiber from the stem and food from the leaves. In several historical documents ( Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal in 1590) during the era of the great Mughal emperor Akbar (1542 1605) states that the poor villagers of India used to wear en textilee make of jute. Simple hand reflections and hand rotate wheels were used by the weavers, who used to twiddle cotton yarns as well. History in like manner states that Indians, curiously Bengalis, used ropes and weaves do of sporting jute from ancient times for household and other uses.Chinese papermakers from very ancient times had selected close to all the kinds of plants as hemp, silk, jute, cotton etc. forpapermaki ng. Qiu Shiyu, researcher of the Harbin Academy ofSciences and expert of Jin history, cerebrate that Jews used to take part in the work of designing jiaozi,made of gross jute paper. A small, piece of jute paper with Chinese characters written on it has been disc everyplaceed in Dunhuang in Gansu Province, in northwest China. It is believed it was arrive atd during the horse opera Han Dynasty (206 BC220 AD). 3. 2. Colonial PeriodThe British eastbound India Company was the British imperium ascendence delegated in India from the 17th centimeury to the tenderness of 20th century. The conjunction was the low gear Jute trade windr. The company traded of importly in in the altogether jute during the nineteenth century. During the start of the 20th century, the company started traffic newfangled jute with Dundees Jute effort. This company had noncompetitive access to this trade during that time. In 1793, the eastbound India Company merchandi disgorge the originconsignme nt of jute. This low shipment, 100 hemorrhoid, was followed by additionalshipments at ir rhythmic intervals.Eventually, a consignment found its way toDundee, Scotland where the flax spinners were anxious to learn whether jutecould be processed machinelikely. During the corresponding(p) period, the Scotlanders were experimenting on whether jute fiber toilette be mechanically processed. 1830 is the course when the flax simple machines were used by Dundee spinners for go nearly jute yarns. Since Dundee mill was the further supplier of jute, the use of flax machine ultimately led to maturation in doing and merchandiseation of jute products in entire continent. Margaret Donnelly I was a jute mill property owner in Dundee in the 1800s.She set up the first jute move in India. The Entrepreneurs of the Dundee Jute constancy in Scotland were called The Jute Barons. Starting in the 1830s,the Dundeespinners learn how to spin jute yarn by modifying their situation- proposen flax machinery. The rise of the jute labor in Dundee proverb a corresponding plus in the achievement and export of bare-assed jute from the Indian sub-continent which wasthe sole supplier of this primary commodity. The study jute growing plains were mainly in Bengal at the Kolkata side. Calcutta (now Kolkata) had theraw material close by as the jute growing areas were mainly in Bengal.thitherwas an abundant supply of labor, ample burn for cause, and the city was ideallysituated for fare to valet markets. The first jute mill was formal atRishra, on the River Hooghly right Calcutta in 1855 when Mr. George Auclandbrought jute revolve machinery from Dundee. Four historic period later, the first powerdriven weaving factory was set up. Although Bengal, peculiarly einsteiniumern Bengal, was the main manufacturing business of woodland raw jute, the first jute mill was conventional at Risraw closelipped calcutta on the bank of the hughli only in 1855, after 20 divisions of me chanical go nearly of jute in Dundee.The delay was im prepareable to the non-availability of technical hands and power to drive machines. In 1854, coal mines were unfastened at Raniganj. Attracted by the easy availability of power, George Aucland, an Englishman naturalised the first jute mill. merely he could non make reasonable profits and left the business. In 1859, the Bornee Company founded the second mill with spinning and weaving facilities. Unlike the Aucland mill, it started palmy after its initiation. encrypt 1 Dundee Jute hoagie in Scotland. The Entrepreneurs of the DundeeJute manufacturing in Scotland were called The Jute Barons. encounter 2 Dundee Jute Mill in Scotland. In 1833, Jute fibre was spun mechanically in Dundee, Scotland. within five old age it doubled its plant size. By 1866, terce new mill about were established. Between 1868 and 1873, these mill around made adult profits. Five new companies started in 1874 and octonary more in 1875. Thus Bengal go through with(predicate) a real boom in jute constancy towards the end of the nineteenth century. With the establishment of jute mill about, Bengal became a study exporter of paper bag bags.Calcutta appeared to be a strong competitor of Dundee and successfully penetrated into Dundees hessian market in rough(prenominal) parts of the beingness, including America, primarily because Calcutta had the address vantage in producing jute goods. Secondly, it was situated in close proximity to the jute growing districts of vitamin Eern Bengal and Assam. Thirdly, it had cheap labour. Fourthly, the mill around ran for 15 to 16 hours, and sometimes unconstipated for 22 hours daily. This led to a clear advantage of Calcutta manufacturers in pecuniary conditions. Moreover, they could offer a finer type of jute.In cardinalty years between 1880 and 1940, the numerate of mill about change magnitude by 5 times, that of incubates by about 14 times, of spindles by 19 times, and of persons employed by 11 times. The step-up of the labor was significant during the 20 years between 1900 and 1920. During the Great clinical depression of 1929-33, the jute intentness was severely hit since the invite for jute goods chastend drastically throughout the world. In the followers three decades, the jute application in India enjoyed even moreremarkable expansion, rising to lordly leadership by 1939 with a aggregate of68,377 broods, concentrated mainly on the River Hooghly near Calcutta.Thesemill alone have turn up able to supply the world demand. several(prenominal) historical events were responsible for the harvesting of the jute persistence. In 1838, the Dutch establishment specified bags made of jute instead of flax for take aiming coffee from the East Indies. At that time flax was imported from Russia. But the Crimean fight of 1854-56 led to the stoppage of supply of flax from Russia and hale Dundee, the famous jute manufacturing centre of UK, to estimate for substitutes.In Dundee the flax move were converted into jute mill about. The American Civil contend (1861-65), on the other hand, gave further impulsion to the jute trade, as supplies of American cotton were much(prenominal) restricted. Since then, the exertion did non return to flax or cotton again. The main reason for this indissoluble shift had been its comparative cost advantage. The jute intentness grew rapidly and jute mill about were established in some countries, including USA, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Holland, Spain, Russia, Brazil and Bengal.This led to a rapid ontogeny in the demand for jute. The Bengali peasants responded quickly to attain the world demand by increasing the area below jute husbandry. The out severalise of the First gentlemans gentleman state of war led to a rapid increase in the demand for raw jute, since it was used to manufacture sandbags to protect soldiers in trenches and to produce gunny bags for carrying food texture for the army. Inevitably, the p sieve of jute withal rose discriminatingly. shelve 1 resolving of jute pains in Bengal, 1879-1939 Year mill Looms Spindles Employment 1879-80 22 5,000 71,000 27,000 1900-01 36 16,100 331,400 114,800 1920-21 77 41,600 869,900 288,400 1938-39 110 69,000 13,70,000 299,000 in the beginning it was say to industrial use, jute was used more often than not for municipal purposes. With the conversion of the Dundee flax mill around into jute bear upon mill about, the demand for jute change magnitude manifold in the world. Bengali peasants were highly experienced in jute cultivation and could respond quickly to run into this increase demand. In 1872, when industrial use of jute had begun, it was mainly grown in the districts of pabna, bogra, darjeeling, dinajpur, rangpur lime and Hughli ( west Bengal). The ratio of land low jute cultivation to full cropped land in these districts in 1872 was 14%, 11%, 9%, 7%, 6% and 5% respectively.Subsequently, jute cultivation imbue to other districts. In 1914, leading districts in terms of the above ratio were lemanderin (28%,) Bogra (25%), Tippera (comilla, 24%), Pabna (21%), capital of Bangladesh (18%), Faridpur (16%), Hughli (West Bengal, 13%), Rajshahi (11%), Jessore (10%), Nadia (10%), and Dinajpur (7%). aft(prenominal) the end of the First World War in 1918, the world demand for raw jute decreased. This had a negative impact on the area under jute cultivation. The situation change state for jute cultivation during the Great Depression of 1929-33. The prices sank so low that jute growing became unprofitable.As a result, peasants greatly rock-bottom their area under jute cultivation. By 1939, economicalal recovery took place. The breaking out of the Second World War caused an increase in the demand for jute and between 1939 and 1945 peasants intrust more areas under jute cultivation. The earliest goods distort of jute in Dundee were coarse shift materials. With chronic experience, however, finer fabrics called burlap, or hessian as it isknown in India, were produced. This superior material met a ready sale and,eventually, the Indian Jute mill about began to turn out these fabrics.The natural advantage these mill about enjoyed soon gave Calcutta world leadership in burlap and bagging materials and the mill about in Dundee and other countries darkto specialties, a great variety of which were developed. 3. 3. Post-Colonial Period subsequently the belittle of British Empire in India during 1947, it was found that all jute mill around of the region fell in West Bengal, which became a part of India and all major(ip) jute growing districts became part of East Bengal, a province of Pakistan. Because it had no jute mill, East Bengal faced capers in marketing of raw jute.The problem was, however, quickly overcome by establishing jute mills in East Bengal. During that time, most of the JuteBarons started to abandon India, le aving behind the industrial frame-up of the Jute sedulousness. Most of the jute mills in India were interpreted over by the Marwaris businessmen. In East Pakistan after partition in 1947 deprivationed a Jute Industry buthad the finest jute fiber stock. As the tension started to rise between Pakistan and India, the Pakistani felt the shoot to setup their own Jute Industry.Several themes of Pakistani families (mainly from West Pakistan) came into the jute business by set up several jute mills inNarayanganj of then East Pakistan, the most significant ones are Bawanis, Adamjees,Ispahanis and Dauds. 3. 4. After nationalization After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971,most of the Pakistani owned Jute mill about were interpreted over by the regime of Bangladesh. Pakistani mill owners (about 68% of the entireness loom strength) left the country, leaving the industry in disarray. Abandoned jute mills were subject to laborious looting.The new administration of Bangl adesh had to take up the responsibility of rebuilding the industry. By a nationalization order, about 85% of industries, including all jute mills, were nationalized. Later, to control these Jute mils in Bangladesh, the political sympathies create up Bangladesh Jute mill about Corporation (BJMC). Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC) was formed to manage and look after all the 73 jute mills having 23,836 looms at that time. At one item the number of jute mills under the legal power of BJMC went up to 78. BJMC had to resurrect the industry from a ruined position.Immediately after liberation, it became very concentrated to solve problem of monetary hardship of the jute industry because pecuniary institutions were not works well. Frequent power failures and power stoppages overly compelled the industry to plump for heavy losings in terms of return and outside(prenominal) exchange earnings. In addition to these problems, the short-change supply of begin throughs, labor unrest, wastage in outturn etc. also shook the industry severely. For jute industry of Bangladesh, the first devil years after liberation was the period of reorganization.The politics offered cash aid to the industry, which amounted to Tk 200 one gee one guanine gram annually. The annual cash subsidy was reduced to 100 gazillion since 1976-77. Thanks to this policy and periodic devaluation of currency, Bangladesh could retain its position of a prime exporter of jute goods in the dollar areas of export. The industry earned profit in 1979-80, when the subsidy was withdrawn. By December 1979, BJMC had 77 jute mills, devil carpet backing mills, and cardinal spare parts producing units. In 1980, six wring mills were disinvested to the head-to-head field.In June 1981, BJMC had 74 mills under its administration. These mills had about 165,000 workers and 27,000 managerial and office staff. 3. 5. Denationalization Denationalization of jute mills started in July 1982. The or ganisation ordered BJMC to empty the process by 16 December 1982, but only 10 mills could be handed over to Bangladeshi owners by that time. The valuation process and gag rule of other organizational matters relating to handing over of the mills took a long time.Among the jute mills owned by BJMC, 46 had satisfactory financial performance in 1982-83, when their profit sooner contribution to national exchequer was about Tk 240 meg. The same mills incurred match losings of about Tk 430 billion in the old year. Jute mills incurred losings regularly over years and external sponsor agencies press hard for denationalization. More and more mills were put into the denationalization list. In 1999, BJMC had 33 mills. The World Bank continued to work closely with the administration to restructure the jute sector, especially through denationalization, merger, dissolution, closure and setting up of new units.By 1998, BJMC had an accumulated loss of more than Tk 28 billion and a debt o f more than Tk 11 billion. Losses incurred by BJMC in 1997-98 were Tk 2. 38 billion. study features of the BJMC mills in that year were summarise return energy 451,707 loads looms in operation 12,350 loom hours 59. 3 one thousand thousand business per loom hour 5. 33 kg baled production 312,000 oodles consumption of raw jute 319,306 lots local anaesthetic sales 29,000 gobs export 256,000 lots value of nitty-gritty sales (including export bonus) Tk 8. billion production cost per ton Tk 30,349 wages paid to workers Tk 3. 89 billion and salary paid to employees and executives Tk 881 million. 3. 6. accomplishment of secluded sector The performance of the private sector jute industry is also not encouraging. privatization itself has been a very problematic and easy process. Resistance from workers/employees of the mills and lengthy formalness forced the process to be slow. In 1998, out of forty jute mills in the private sector, three were closed and cardinal lai d off. The private sector jute mills run on a very low profile.Up to December 1999, the private sector jute mills have accumulated losses of more than Tk 12 billion. The jute spinning mills in Bangladesh export nearly 100% of their production. In 1998, there were 41 spinning mills, which had an annual production capacity of about 195,000 lashings. Products of these mills are yarn and submit, which are used the world over, for carpet weaving, circumvent covering, jute webbing, fabrics for shopping bags, caps, handicrafts, canvas, decorative fabrics, laminated cloth, and safety blend in for explosives.These mills employ about 25,000 people and the employers have their own trade carry ons named Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association. 3. 7. An overall tailor of production and sales 3. 7. 1. Trend of production proceeds trend of the jute manufacturing sector can be loosely categorized into four periods first shape (1950-1970) second course (1972-1981) third phase (1982-1990) and fourth phase (1991-onward) ( calculate 1). During these four phases, jute manufacturing sector had experienced various changes in policies, and also in the pattern of utilization of jute and jute goods.In the pre independency period, jute mills were owned by a small number of private entrepreneurs. During this phase, fair hessian production was 155,586 metric ton (MT) per year, of which 87 per cent was exported the comparable figures for sacking were 267,614 MT and 78 per cent respectively. fruit reached its peak in 1969, with an output of 5. 74 lakh MT. Due to policy-making imbalance and damages caused during the year of Liberation in 1971, operations of jute mills were interrupted. Consequently, production go underd in 1971 and 1972. Thereafter, production started to increase.In the second phase (1972-1981), political science unyielding to nationalize the jute manufacturing sector, and took control of all the private sector jute mills. During the 1970s, average level of pr oduction of hessian was about 165,000 MT, of which 94 pct was exported, magic spell comparable figures for sacking were 225,460 MT and 86 percent respectively. Growth in the production of jute goods between 1960 and 1980 can be attributed to the growth in production of hessian, sacking and carpet backing cloth ( blood profile) products. hear 3 Production of different kinds of jute goods, 1960-2006 (Source BJMC, BJMA and BJSA)Table 2 Periodic trend of jute goods production Period Hessian Sacking complete blood count yarn/Twine Up to 1970 155,586 267,614 23,929 0 (86. 9) (78. 2) (96. 7) (0. 0) 1972-80 165,033 225,458 63,578 1,953 (93. ) (86. 3) (95. 5) (73. 3) 1981-91 219,048 270,556 80,415 61,090 (94. 8) (83. 7) (97. 0) (69. 1) 1992-05 87,968 96,839 39,777 163,830 (99. 5) (71. 7) (89. 7) (90. ) Production of yarn/ sprain accounted for a small conduct of come in production during the 1970s. During the 1980s (third phase), the then government decided to denationalize a number of jute mills in line with the initiative of economic liberalization. A mixed trend is spy in the production of jute goods during this phase, which reached its peak in 1990 with a production of 5. 96 lakh MT. Production of yarn stepwise increased in the 1980s. Most importantly, production of hessian and sacking- two major tralatitious products little by little reductiond, especially since the late 1980s. Production of complete blood count declined as well.In the fourth phase (1990-onward), side by side(p) the suggestions of the World Bank, government started to denationalize a number of other public sector jute mills which resulted in the shutdown of many jute mills as well. However, production of jute goods has not picked up even after word sense of various policy measures. Indeed, production of tralatitious products such as hessian, sacking and CBC has continued to decline with the exception of growth in the production of yarn and twine. Yarn/twine now accounts for the major service of jute goods and over time, its production has also been on a steady rise.During 2006, Bangladeshs address in the global production of jute goods was approximately 18 per cent. 3. 7. 2. Trend of Sales both(prenominal) public and private sector jute mills sell their products in either the national market or the international market. Although oversea export comprised major dowry of Bangladeshs jute goods production, domestic sale has been posting a rise, which now accounts for 38 per cent of the total production. Bangladesh is the leading exporter of jute goods in the world and her share in the global market is gradatoryly increasing- which accounted for 60 percent of the global exports in 2006.If export of raw jute is taken into account, total export would reach more than 75 per cent. According to Bangladesh Jute Association (BJA), Bangladesh exports about 25 lakh bales of jute goods which accounted for about 56 per cent of the total raw jute grown in the co untry. It is deserving noting here that Bangladesh and India currently welcome more than 90 per cent of the global export demand for jute and jute goods to compare, this share was 79 per cent in 1970. pic Figure 4 Sales in Domestic and internationalistic market (%) 3. 8. Contribution in preservation The contribution of jute sector to economy of Bangladesh is enormous.Bangladesh holds the second position as a Jute producer in the world with the average production of Jute 1. 08 m ton/Year. More than 85% of world production of Jute is cultivated in the Ganges Delta & having the major portion of it Bangladesh became the largest producer of naked Jute or Jute Fiber in the world. For centuries, Bangladeshi Jute had and still has demand in the international market for higher quality fibers. This fact makes Bangladesh the major exporter (80% + market share) of Jute Fiber in the world spell India has nominal dominance over export of Raw Jute Fiber.Total average export earnings from jut e and jute goods are US$ 611 million (60 lakh bales)/Year. second-rate export value of raw jute is US$ 140 million and the numbers of factories are 187. Earnings from jute and jute product exports hit the billion dollars mark for the first time in the countrys history in 2010. Jute sector is modify 4. 68 percent in export earning last fiscal year and two per cent increase during 2009-10. This sector has been generating appointment to a large segment of total population of the country, directly and indirectly over the years. Bangladesh produces 5. -6. 0 million (55-60 lakh) bales of raw jute every year of which some 3. 2 million (32 lakh) bales are used in the brisk 148 jute mills. The country exports 2. 4 million (24 lakh). The total demand for jute goods in the international market is 0. 75 million (7. 50 lakh) heaps. Bangladesh exports 0. 46 million (4. 60 lakh) piles of jute goods while India enjoys a share of 0. 285 million (2. 85 lakh) stacks in the international market . Dhaka controls 62 per cent share of the total jute goods market of the world and earn Taka 20. one 100 twenty-five billion (2012. 5 crore) by export jute goods.Bangladesh is the lone exporter of raw jute. In the year 2006, the country exported 2. 4 million (24 lakh) bales of raw jute valued at Taka 9. 77 million (977 crore). In total Bangladesh fetched Taka 29. 395 billion (2939. 5 crore) by exporting raw jute and jute goods. There are 50 private jute spinning mills producing jute yarn/twine under Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association (BJSA). The mills under jute spinning sector produce 0. 29 million (2. 90 lakh) scores of jute yarn/twine and export 0. 261 million (2. 61 lakh) m. tons of quality yarn/twine overwhelming 1. 9 illion (19 lakh) bales of high quality raw jute and earn orthogonal exchange worth Taka 12 million (1200 crore) per annum. 3. 9. pay Situations It has been know that Jute and totallyied fibers occupy a quaint position as eco-friendly, bio degradable, re newable natural fiber. We should also understand that Jute sector of Bangladesh has made and continues to make significant contribution to the national economy. Apart from its versatile use from domestic area to industry, it protects environment from different ways. All the export earnings from the Jute Industry twin Jute sector are net extraneous currency earnings.Domestic value additions are exceptionally high. So, a operable Jute Industry would be an ideal type of activity for the economic tuition of the country. We should always consider that Jute Industry is indigenous one. Jute, of the best quality in the world, is available in Bangladesh. It is one of the few natural resources that the country has and it has provided Bangladesh with a comparative edge in the world trade in jute goods. But, over the early(prenominal) decade, the jute industry has suffered more downs than ups for no fault of its own.It has been bring home the baconed to suffer gradual decline mainly refer able to lack of appropriate policy actions. Jute industry in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) was established as export oriented industry with the aim of rapid industrialization. It became the major source of foreign currency earnings. The industry was made viable and kept fatten uping with the Govt. financial assistance on export of jute goods through bonus voucher. After liberation of the country in 1971 and nationalization of the Industry in 1972, such financial assistance to Jute Industry was withdrawn and the Industry started incurring losses.On the other hand, the newly established BJMC had to concentrate mainly on rehabilitation of the war torn Jute Industry and spread out the world export market share which was taken by the competitors during war of liberation. At the initial stage Bangladesh Jute Industry i. e. BJMC had to face serious problems to recover the lost market. By the untiring efforts to improve the management, production and export, the Industry i. e. BJM C started achieving positive results from 1973-74 with the production of 500 curtilage tons and export of 445 atomic number 19 tons from 320 one g-force tons and 225 constant of gravitation tons respectively of 1971-72.With help of pie chart the result can be shown in the following. pic Figure 5 Bangladesh exportation in study Products during 1972-73 In 1977-78 BJMC could achieve an export of 531 g-force tons, mainly tralatitious products (hession, sacking & CBC) against the former highest export of 506 thousand tons in 1969-70. In 1980-81 Jute Industry could achieve highest production of 590 thousand tons exceeding the production of 1969-70. In 1981-82, the Jute Industry again could break the export record of 1969-70, exporting around 537 thousand tons against production of 586 thousand tons.Large scale denationalization started in 1982-83. But, private sector jute mills could not perform the way it was expected for many reasons. As a result, performance of the overall Jut e industry started deteriorating gradually from 570 thousand tons (production) and 514 thousand tons (export) in 1982-83 to 286 thousand tons (production) and 192 thousand tons (export) in 2003-04. It is seen in the figure below more clearly. pic Figure 6 Bangladesh merchandise in major Products during 1993-94 During Eighties the new jute yarn/twine mills came into the picture and expanded gradually.It could increase export of yarn/twine from 28 thousand tons in 1983-84 to around 380 thousand tons in 2009-10. The gradual increase in the production and export of yarn/twine could help increase of overall export of Jute products to nearly 600 thousand tons with the share of only around 200 thousand tons of traditional products i. e. Hessian, sacking & CBC. It may be seen from the figures precondition below that production and export of BJMC and BJMA mills (mainly traditional products) save gradual decline over the years. Table 3 Productions and export of BJMA and BJMC Mills Year P roduction Export 1981-82 587 thousand tons 537 thousand tons 1991-92 416 thousand tons 408 thousand tons 2001-02 321 thousand tons 257 thousand tons 2009-10 302 thousand tons 219thousand tons blank space in current financial year is also not encouraging in BJMC & BJMA mills as may be seen from the table (6months/ July-Dec10) below. Table 4 Production and Export of BJMC & BJMA Mills during July-Dec10 Types of Mills Production Export BJMC 78 thousand tons 56 thousand tons BJMA 60 thousand tons 37 thousand tons Total 138 thousand tons 93 thousand tons However, the production and export of yarn/twine mills mainly under BJSA (Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association) recorded increase gradually from 50 thousand tons and 28 thousand tons in 1983-84 to 399 thousand tons and 380 thousand tons in 2009-10 respectively. It may be maintained during this financial year also on the basis of its production and export of 227 thousand tons and 193 thousand tons of July-Dec10.Table given below on the comparative position in production of traditional products reveal that while Bangladesh jute industry is sinking, Indian jute industry is booming. Table 5 comparative Position of Bangladesh & India in Production of conventional Products Years Bangladesh India 1999-2000 3. 10 lac tons 12. 45 lac tons 2005-2006 2. 43 lac tons 13. 42 lac tons 2009-2010 2. 54 lac tons 14. 50 lac tons The present govt. has taken some positive steps to revitalize the Jute Industry, particularly BJMC mills. But, piece meal action pass on not serve the purpose because, production and export of traditional products, both in BJMC and BJMA (private) mills recorded gradual decline to a frustrating level over the years. A recently-created demand for jute sacks in Thailand has come as a boon for the jute industry in Bangladesh, raising hopes for a recovery in exports that fell 13 percent during July-February of the current fiscal year. Also, India has recently increased import of jute and jute goods after its currency started to gain against the US dollar.According to MD Shamsul Haque, director (marketing) of state-owned Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation that has 21 jute mills running, Exports of jute goods to our traditional middle-eastern and African markets have fallen amid political unrest in Libya, Syria, Iraq and other countries. But our exports increased in the last three months as we got some new markets, Thailand have emerged as a new market for our jute sacks along with Vietnam. The market in Thailand has widened after the current Thai-government started buying a grand quantity of rice in jute sacks to fulfill its pledge of providing a guaranteed price to farmers. Bangladesh has received orders for supplying two crore (20 million) pieces of jute sacks from millers in Thailand. Thailand has opened up a new chance for Bangladesh. It has come as a grace as Bangladeshs stocks were piling up due to a fall in exports.Private jute mills will also be benefited due to th e decision of Thailand, which is the largest exporter of rice and forecasts to produce 30 million tons of rice in 2011-12. Thailand needs three million pieces of bags a month to package rice which means around 36 million pieces of sacks will be required a year. According to Mahmudul Haque, managing director of Janata Jute Mills Ltd, subscribe for jute sacks is high in Thailand. He said, as his mill alone could not meet the orders, he tied up with two other mills. Janata ships 3. 2 lakh pieces of jute sacks a month to Thailand, he said. Exporters said the increased demand and higher prices of jute goods will allow them to narrow down the losses in export service in the first half of the year.But it may not be possible to offset the past fall and post a positive growth in exports by the end of the fiscal year on June 30, 2012. Export receipts from the jute industry- the second biggest export earner- fell 13. 66 percent to $615 million in the July-February period of the current fisc al year, from $712 million during the same period last year, according to Export Promotion Bureau. In the following figure, workers carry bundles of jute sacks at a factory in Bogra as, Thailand and Vietnam have emerged as new markets for jute sacks. pic Figure 6 Workers carry bundles of jute sacks at a factory in Bogra (source STAR magazine, March 27, 2012).Total figures are not available readily, it reveals from some of the available figures that export of BJMC in the major importing regions e. g. Australia, America, Middle East, Europe, Africa recorded sharp decline in recent years mainly because of decline in production and absence of effective marketing efforts. Present situation of the industry calls for immediate measures/actions in the following areas ? The new challenges and opportunities presented by the changing global environment of integration in the development of natural fibers ? Modernize the jute industry to improve skill in production and processing to reduce cos t and bring up product quality.With the rise of inescapable competition facing our jute sector, in the international survey it should be our endeavor to facilitate upgrading the skills of the Workers, Supervisors and managerial staff who are employed in the Jute Industry. ? Involve and ensure the active co-operation and confederacy of Corporation, Financial Institutions, Energy supplying Agencies and Entrepreneurs in the fulfillment of these objectives. ? Power shortage should be reduced either by power supplying agencies or by setting up generators (gas or diesel) in such mills where it is required. ? The efforts need to be put with all earnestness to bring the efficiency level to at to the lowest degree 80%. ? So far management at the mill level is concerned it should be linked to productivity and efficiency. Enable the jute industry to build world class state-of-the-art manufacturing capabilities in conformity with environmental standards, and for this purpose, to pass on F oreign Direct Investment as well as research and development in the sector. ? Aggressive marketing measures need to be undertaken internationally. Markets like Africa and Middle East should be given top precession to recover the lost market. 3. 10. Major drawbacks Major problems of the jute mills are as follows annex in the cost of production while the sales prices of jute goods remain at the same level or even decline Accumulation of extensive losses and consequently, of huge debts Decline in exports of jute goods Electricity failures high-spirited wastage Labor unrest Poor management that affects productivity and frequent changes in government policies High cost of jute goods compared to synthetics led jute goods users to turn to synthetics. Concluding Remarks Before the independence, the country had six jute yarn mills. However, this sector had flourished during the 80s as the industry experienced a setback in the developed countries during the same period. The entrepr eneurs of the country bought these second-hand jute mills machineries with a very low investment and started setting up these jute spinning mills. deuce types of opinion exist in Bangladesh over the management of real mills under BJMC. One group is in party favor of privatization of the xisting state owned jute mills, where another group advocates reorganization/restructuring of BJMC mills. The mills under Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation are exporting 0. 128 million (1. 28 lakh) m. tons of jute goods i. e. Hessian, Sacking and CBC. Mismanagement, corruption, inefficiency and lack of skilled manpower have gripped the BJMC mills. The mills should be run professionally to remain competitive in the open market but that are not full in case of BJMC, which is causing hundreds of millions of taka losses to the national exchequer. Time has come to put pragmatic sanction/realistic thought on the jute sector to compensate this promising sector. The government should devise plans to bri ng back the notoriety of the golden fibre.The demand for environmental friendly jute products are on the rise in the global market and Bangladesh should tap this prospect by implementing some short-, mid- and semipermanent plans to rejuvenate the ailing jute sector of Bangladesh. At present it is useless to be nostalgic about old prime era of our jute industry. straight we must formulate a pragmatic short, mid and long-term plan property in mind about upcoming needs of jute goods demand. Instead of remembering past mistakes, we must take lessons out of that and look forward with practical solutions which will bring back viability to our ailing Jute sector. This should be our only prime object. Recommendations Some recommendations are official below to be considered by the government in the greater interest of the jute sector To revive the glory of the jute industry, a high-powered committee should be constituted comprising the finance Secretary under the direction of the no us Adviser. The government should implement some short-, mid- and long-term proposals in a bid to revive the jute sector. The exiting jute mills of the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation should be converted into public limited companies keeping some shares in the hands of the government like that of the Bangladesh Biman. The government may create a Regulatory Board to run its vivacious corporations professionally and efficiently. The Regulatory remains will monitor every unit of the corporation and ensure their accountability. The government should put up a special fund to upgrade its existing jute mills to purchase necessary spares for machineries. below this package the government will provide 50 per cent of the total quote as grants and banks will give rest 50 percent on a long-term credit to jute mills. Irregular power supply is adversely affecting production of existing jute mills by track their competitiveness. The government may ask donor agencies like the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to arrange a special fund to provide long term loans at 3. 00 per cent interest to the existing jute mills to help them to procure stand-by generators. The use of stand by generators by the jute mills will help to save electrical energy at our national grid. administration is freehand 7. 5 per cent cash incentives on jute goods exports. To expand the market and increase competitiveness, the rate of cash incentives should be raised to 15 per cent from present rate. The government should ordinate a faithfulness making needful or compulsory to use of jute bags for internal consumption in packaging. To meet requirement of local markets, an initiative is necessary to pack saccharide, rice and pulse in 5-10 K. G. jute bags. The use of jute goods in the local market is limited. To increase the use, the government should also make law to use compulsory at least 20 per cent of total sugar and cement packaging with jute bags. The jute industrie s being an agro found and 100% export-oriented industry, the commercial banks are not implementing the Bangladesh Banks order to provide export credit at lower interest rate (7%), commercial banks should provide Export immediate payment Credit to jute mills which they give to the lash sector. Crisis of quality jute seed is a regular phenomenon in the country every year. The total requirement of jute seeds are 4,000/5,000 tons against government supply of only 400-500 tons. To meet local demand, sub-standard Indian seeds enter the Bangladesh market through imports and smuggling. To improve the situation and ensure quality seeds, the government should set up seed bank to distribute seeds among planters at subsidized rate. Government should also arrange to provide fertiliser at subsidized rate. Bangladesh Jute Research impart (BJRI) should also take appropriate measures to familiarize their new invention retting process among the farmers. need of skilled manpower has put the in dustries in grave situation. To overcome the situation at least a jute college may be arranged to set up at one of the closed BJMC jute mills. To address this situation promptly, government should introduce Diploma course of instruction on jute in the six textile institutes as early as these are under the ministry of textile and jute. The significance of Mongla porthole has increased as several hundred industrial units have been set in the southern part of the country recently. The government should initiate necessary steps to expand and develop the Mongla Port. The government should also take measures to promote and expand international trade of jute products by maintaining existing markets and by developing of new end users. References 1. http//cpd. org. bd/pub_attach/op78. pdf 2. http//www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/more. php? news_id=14562 3. http//www. business-standard. com/india/news/jute-industry-seeks-banimportsbangladesh/381205 4. http//www. stoppressbd. com/home/news _details/66948 5. http//www. banglapedia. rg/httpdocs/HT/J_0137. HTM 6. http//www. worldjute. com/jute_bangladesh/bangladesh_jute_news. hypertext markup language 7. http//www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/more. php? news_id=123813&date=2012-03-18 8. www. theindependentbd. com/business/finance/30375-govt-targets-to-double-jute-production-in-2011-12. hypertext markup language 9. http//www. worldjute. com/about_jute/juthist. html 10. www. jute-industry. com/history-of-jute. html 11. http//www. thedailystar. net/suppliments/2011/day of remembrance/part4/pg7. htm 12. http//www. bangladeshembassyinitaly. com/bangladesh. php 13. http//www. experiencebangladesh. com/bangladesh-business-jute. php 14. http//bangladesheconomy. wordpress. com/category/jute/